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Data File: HFC78A01

Data Files (3):

HFC78A01_d1 - Hanford CEDR78 File 1: Vital Statistics and Internal Deposition

HFC78A01_d2 - Hanford CEDR78 File 2: External Dosimetry

HFC78A01_d3 - Hanford CEDR78 File 3: Additional Variables

Study Name: Hanford Cohort Mortality Study, 1989

Cohort Size: 44,101

Races: White, non-white

Sexes: Female, male

Diseases: Cancer Mortality

Earliest Exposure: 01/01/1944

Latest Exposure: 12/31/1978

Follow-Up: 12/31/1985

Exposure Type: External radiation, internal deposition

Exposure Agent: Gamma ray, X-ray, neutron, tritium, plutonium, americium, cesium, curium, europium, promethium, strontium

Covariate: Socioeconomic Category

Sites: Hanford Site

Description:
This analytic data file set consists of three files generated for the cohort mortality study of operations workers initially employed during 1944 to 1978 at the Hanford Site by Ethel Gilbert, et al., published in Health Physics in 1989.
The study evaluated the relationship of occupational radiation exposure and mortality from several specific causes. The study showed that Hanford workers exhibited a strong healthy worker effect, having death rates substantially below those of the general U.S. population. Comparisons by level of exposure within the Hanford worker population provided no evidence of a positive correlation between exposure and mortality from all cancers combined or between exposure and mortality from leukemia.
The three analytic files in the HFC78A01 data file set, constructed using the IARC protocol, pertain to 44,101 Hanford workers initially employed at Hanford between 1944 and 1978. The first file HFC78A01_d1 (CEDR78_1), contains demographic, work history, and vital status data and indicators of internal depositions. Mortality data are provided for deaths occurring outside the state of Washington between 1944 and 1981, as well as for deaths occurring in Washington between 1944 and 1985. Internal deposition data include the radionuclide symbol and the year of first plutonium deposition. There is one record per individual. The second file HFC78A01_d2 (CEDR78_2), contains annual external whole- body doses that were compiled from external monitoring data for operations workers. These data include doses received while the worker was employed at other sites, but, unlike another Hanford data set (HFI89A01), they do not include doses received while performing construction work at Hanford. There is one record for each year of exposure data for each of the 35,869 workers who were monitored. The third file HFC78A01_d3 (CEDR78_3), contains additional data related to on-site exposure and cause of death. There is one record for each worker.
The discussions in the published paper focus on monitored workers of both sexes. Dose-response analyses (internal comparison) included 35,869 workers who were monitored for external radiation. Vital status was ascertained through December 31, 1981, the study end date. There were 4,846 deaths identified, and death certificates were obtained for 4,797 (99.0%) of these deaths. Comparisons with the U.S. general population included 42,291 white workers. There were 7,249 deaths identified, and death certificates were obtained for 7,155 (98.7%) of these deaths. Internal exposures were also examined.
Workers at the Hanford Site were involved in a variety of activities that resulted in their exposure to radiation, including reactor operations, chemical separation of reactor fuel to obtain plutonium, treatment and storage of hazardous waste, and biological and engineering research. Personal dosimeters (film or thermoluminescent) have been used since 1944. Also, bioassay programs to detect exposures to internally deposited radionuclides, primarily transuranics, were initiated in 1944. Dose estimates resulting from these monitoring programs appear in this analytic data file set. Annual whole-body doses to penetrating external radiation are presented in units of millisieverts. Quality factors of 10 for fast neutrons, 3 for slow neutrons, and 1 for photons and electrons were used in the conversion of exposure to dose. Internal exposure data were collected and evaluated for all individuals who worked in locations where there was a potential for exposure to radioactive material (transuranics).

Citations Associated:
Anderson, T. W. (1978). Radiation exposures of Hanford workers: A critique of the Mancuso, Stewart and Kneale report. Health Physics. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004032-197812000-00001
Baverstock, K. F. (1983). Hanford radiation study. British Journal of Industrial Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.40.1.115
Darby, S. C., & Reissland, J. A. (1981). Hanford radiation study. British journal of industrial medicine, 38(2), 202–203. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.38.2.202
Gilbert, E. S. (1989). Issues in analysing the effects of occupational exposure to low levels of radiation. Statistics in Medicine, 8(2), 173–187. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1002/sim.4780080205
Gilbert, E. S., & Marks, S. (1979). An analysis of the mortality of workers in a nuclear facility. Radiation Research. https://doi.org/10.2307/3575027
Gilbert, E. S., & Marks, S. (1980). An updated analysis of mortality of workers in a nuclear facility. Radiation research, 83(3), 740–741.
Gilbert, E. S., & Petersen, G. R. (1985). A note on “job related mortality risks of Hanford workers and their relation to cancer effects of measured doses of external radiation.” British Journal of Industrial Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.42.2.137
Gilbert, E. S., Fix, J. J., & Baumgartner, W. V. (1996). An approach to evaluating bias and uncertainty in estimates of external dose obtained from personal dosimeters. Health Physics. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004032-199603000-00003
Gilbert, E.S. (1984). The Hanford Study - A Review of Its Limitations and Controversial Conclusion Historical Document
Gilbert, E.S. (1988). The Hanford study: issues in analysing and interpreting data from occupational studies in: health effects of low dose ionizing radiation-recent advances and their implications.
Gilbert, E.S., Buchanan, J.A., Holter, N.A. (1992). Description of the process used to create 1992 Hanford mortality study database. Pacific Northwest Laboratory. Historical Document
Gilbert, Ethel S., Petersen, G. R., & Buchanan, J. A. (1989). Mortality of workers at the hanford site: 1945-1981. Health Physics. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004032-198901000-00001
Gofman, J. W. (1979). The question of radiation causation of cancer in hanford workers. Health Physics. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004032-197911000-00001
Hutchison, G. B., Macmahon, B., Jablon, S., & Land, C. E. (1979). Review of Report by Mancuso, Stewart and Kneale of radiation exposure of Hanford Workers. Health Physics. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004032-197908000-00003
Kneale, G. W., Mancuso, T. F., & Stewart, A. M. (1981). Hanford radiation study III: A cohort study of the cancer risks from radiation to workers at Hanford (1944-77 deaths) by the method of regression model in life-tables. British Journal of Industrial Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.38.2.156
Kneale, G. W., Mancuso, T. F., & Stewart, A. M. (1984). Job related mortality risks of Hanford workers and their relation to cancer effects of measured doses of external radiation. British Journal of Industrial Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.41.1.9
Kneale, G.W., Stewart, A.M., Mancuso, T.F. (1978). Reanalysis of data relating to the Hanford study of the cancer risks of radiation workers. IAEA Symposium on Late Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation.
Mancuso, T. F., Stewart, A., & Kneale, G. (1977). Radiation exposures of hanford workers dying from cancer and other causes. Health Physics. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004032-197711000-00002
Milham, S. (1983). OCCUPATIONAL MORTALITY IN WASHINGTON STATE 1950-1979. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication (United States) (Department of Health and Human Services, National Instit.
Mole, R. H. (1982). Hanford radiation study. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 39(2), 200–202. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1136/oem.39.2.200
Reissland, J.A. (1978). An assessment of the Mancuso study. National Radiological Protection Board.
Sanders B. S. (1978). Low-level radiation and cancer deaths. Health physics, 34(6), 521–538. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004032-197806000-00001
Savitz, D.A. (1983). A critical review of the Hanford worker studies: cancer risk and low-level radiation. 16th Mid-Year Topical Meeting: Epidemiology Applied to Health Physics.
Stewart, A. M., Kneale, G. W., & Mancuso, T. F. (1980). The Hanford Data- -- A Reply to Recent Criticisms. Ambio, 9(2), 66–73. https://doi.org/http://www.jstor.org/stable/4312535
Tolley, H. D., Marks, S., Buchanan, J. A., & Gilbert, E. S. (1983). A further update of the analysis of mortality of workers in a nuclear facility. Radiation Research. https://doi.org/10.2307/3576087

Citations Associated:

Anderson, T. W. (1978). Radiation exposures of Hanford workers: A critique of the Mancuso, Stewart and Kneale report. Health Physics. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004032-197812000-00001

Baverstock, K. F. (1983). Hanford radiation study. British Journal of Industrial Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.40.1.115

Darby, S. C., & Reissland, J. A. (1981). Hanford radiation study. British journal of industrial medicine, 38(2), 202–203. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.38.2.202

Gilbert, E. S. (1989). Issues in analysing the effects of occupational exposure to low levels of radiation. Statistics in Medicine, 8(2), 173–187. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1002/sim.4780080205

Gilbert, E. S., & Marks, S. (1979). An analysis of the mortality of workers in a nuclear facility. Radiation Research. https://doi.org/10.2307/3575027

Gilbert, E. S., & Marks, S. (1980). An updated analysis of mortality of workers in a nuclear facility. Radiation research, 83(3), 740–741.

Gilbert, E. S., & Petersen, G. R. (1985). A note on “job related mortality risks of Hanford workers and their relation to cancer effects of measured doses of external radiation.” British Journal of Industrial Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.42.2.137

Gilbert, E. S., Fix, J. J., & Baumgartner, W. V. (1996). An approach to evaluating bias and uncertainty in estimates of external dose obtained from personal dosimeters. Health Physics. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004032-199603000-00003

Gilbert, E.S. (1984). The Hanford Study - A Review of Its Limitations and Controversial Conclusion

Historical Document

Gilbert, E.S. (1988). The Hanford study: issues in analysing and interpreting data from occupational studies in: health effects of low dose ionizing radiation-recent advances and their implications.

Gilbert, E.S., Buchanan, J.A., Holter, N.A. (1992). Description of the process used to create 1992 Hanford mortality study database. Pacific Northwest Laboratory.

Historical Document

Gilbert, Ethel S., Petersen, G. R., & Buchanan, J. A. (1989). Mortality of workers at the hanford site: 1945-1981. Health Physics. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004032-198901000-00001

Gofman, J. W. (1979). The question of radiation causation of cancer in hanford workers. Health Physics. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004032-197911000-00001

Hutchison, G. B., Macmahon, B., Jablon, S., & Land, C. E. (1979). Review of Report by Mancuso, Stewart and Kneale of radiation exposure of Hanford Workers. Health Physics. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004032-197908000-00003

Kneale, G. W., Mancuso, T. F., & Stewart, A. M. (1981). Hanford radiation study III: A cohort study of the cancer risks from radiation to workers at Hanford (1944-77 deaths) by the method of regression model in life-tables. British Journal of Industrial Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.38.2.156

Kneale, G. W., Mancuso, T. F., & Stewart, A. M. (1984). Job related mortality risks of Hanford workers and their relation to cancer effects of measured doses of external radiation. British Journal of Industrial Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.41.1.9

Kneale, G.W., Stewart, A.M., Mancuso, T.F. (1978). Reanalysis of data relating to the Hanford study of the cancer risks of radiation workers. IAEA Symposium on Late Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation.

Mancuso, T. F., Stewart, A., & Kneale, G. (1977). Radiation exposures of hanford workers dying from cancer and other causes. Health Physics. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004032-197711000-00002

Milham, S. (1983). OCCUPATIONAL MORTALITY IN WASHINGTON STATE 1950-1979. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication (United States) (Department of Health and Human Services, National Instit.

Mole, R. H. (1982). Hanford radiation study. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 39(2), 200–202. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1136/oem.39.2.200

Reissland, J.A. (1978). An assessment of the Mancuso study. National Radiological Protection Board.

Sanders B. S. (1978). Low-level radiation and cancer deaths. Health physics, 34(6), 521–538. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004032-197806000-00001

Savitz, D.A. (1983). A critical review of the Hanford worker studies: cancer risk and low-level radiation. 16th Mid-Year Topical Meeting: Epidemiology Applied to Health Physics.

Stewart, A. M., Kneale, G. W., & Mancuso, T. F. (1980). The Hanford Data- -- A Reply to Recent Criticisms. Ambio, 9(2), 66–73. https://doi.org/http://www.jstor.org/stable/4312535

Tolley, H. D., Marks, S., Buchanan, J. A., & Gilbert, E. S. (1983). A further update of the analysis of mortality of workers in a nuclear facility. Radiation Research. https://doi.org/10.2307/3576087